turnout

When it comes to foot position, feet parallel is often regarded as the ideal in our present-day culture. Standing with the feet apart, pointing straight ahead, is also seen as the starting point of a normal and healthy gait. Walking then proceeds along two parallel lines, like being on railway tracks. 

In our culture today, standing with feet pointing straight ahead is regarded as normal, and the best biomechanical option. Unsplash

From a Gokhale Method® perspective, a healthy baseline position for the feet is angled outward 5–15°, or “externally rotated.” Why is there such divergence of opinion—and angle? 

Most people learn and then teach feet straight ahead

Feet straight ahead is the model learned and perpetuated by most professionals who are trained in anatomy, whether they are fitness coaches, yoga teachers, Pilates instructors, physical therapists, podiatrists, family physicians, or surgeons. Training regimens, gait analysis, shoe design, and equipment such as elliptical trainers and step machines are also based on this belief. 

There’s compelling evidence for feet out at an angle 

The Gokhale Method approach to solving back pain and the many other musculoskeletal problems that beset our society is not based on such current assumptions, but on direct observation of biomechanically healthier populations. The Gokhale Method understanding of healthy posture draws on field research among traditional and tribal populations in many parts of the world, where despite differences in culture, age, gender, and occupation, posture remains remarkably consistent—and includes a 5°–15° foot turnout. This same turnout can also be seen in our infants, historical artifacts, and our ancestral images prior to the early twentieth century. 

You can see that the feet of this woman in Odisha, India, angle outward.

Let’s look at some more examples of evidence for feet out. 

Ancestral and antique photographs

This Victorian photograph decorates a table mat at a country hotel in the UK. The group on the right all clearly show significant external rotation in their legs and feet.

These Scottish soldiers from the mid-twentieth century show degrees of foot turnout that would be uncommon today. Pinterest

Contemporary traditional and tribal culture

These women in tribal Odisha, India, habitually stand and bend with externally rotated legs, which orients the feet outward.

This snippet of video from a market in tribal Odisha, India, shows people walking with feet turned out.

The ancient world

As ancient Greek statuary became ever more naturalistic, it captured the outward angle of the feet, even lifting one foot to suggest walking or a relaxed, “contrapposto” standing position. Marble Statue of Serapis, from Amorgos, 2nd Century BCE, National Archaeological Museum of Greece, Athens. Wikimedia

Children

Children naturally externally rotate their legs from the hip joint, angling the feet out.

Being held in poor positions or sitting in furniture which tucks the pelvis will counter healthy external hip rotation and cause an infant's legs and feet to roll inward.

Extreme outward feet angles

Some dance forms, including those based on traditional posture, have evolved an exaggerated degree of external rotation for artistic effect. Several of the base positions of ballet take natural external rotation to an extreme. Such angles also feature in Indian classical dance. These angles work in people who have been raised with them from early childhood but can be impossible or problematic for modern hips which formed while using Western furniture, including seated toilets. Squatting and sitting cross-legged in childhood encourages healthy hip socket development.

The “first position” in ballet requires considerable external rotation in the hips to turn the feet out at 90 degrees. Wikimedia

There are numerous foot gestures in Bharata Natyam, a traditional Indian dance form, which require 90 degrees of outward angle in both feet. Pinterest

Footprints that follow a central line—not parallel tracks

Soft sand is great for capturing footprints, and those of tribal people will clearly show not only the external angle of the feet, but also how the heels touch either side of a central line. John Carter, one of our teachers in the UK, shares a telling tale: 

It was 2010 and I was staying in a beach hotel near a fishing village in southern India. Checking my well-thumbed copy of Esther Gokhale’s book, 8 Steps to a Pain-Free Back, it was instantly obvious who had left their footprints in the sand. Local fisherman left kidney bean shaped footprints, with strong indents from the heel and big toe, and landed with the inside of each heel on either side of a central line. Tourist footprints were wider in the center, indicating lower foot arches, and were usually placed along two parallel lines.

I was traveling with my yoga teacher friends and colleagues. We all admired the grace and poise of the locals, how beautifully they stood, walked, bent from the hips, etc. However, this was strikingly different from the posture that my yoga companions had been taught, in line with conventional yoga ideas. I was eager to discuss the differences, but my colleagues, confused by their received wisdom, continued to repeat what they had learned in training, which included sticking with parallel feet. 

Two sets of footprints from Brazil, showing both feet out and walking on a central line. Unsplash

In modern Western culture it is much more common that footprints are straight ahead and run along parallel tracks. Unsplash

A workman stepped in paint… the prints that his boots left on the sidewalk show a healthy angle of turnout, and that he walked on a central line—this combination is relatively rare in industrialized cultures (UK).

Why do feet point straight ahead?

From our anthropological perspective, having feet straight ahead is actually an inward turn from a healthy norm of “external rotation.” This has come about for several reasons:

• Weakened arches cause the foot to collapse inward (pronation), also rotating the leg inward.
• Concave “bucket” seating, soft sofas, “sling” style footrests, and other poor furniture all lead to poor posture and a lack of healthy external hip rotation.
• “Ergonomic” design and anatomical teaching are both based on the false paradigm that feet should be straight ahead.
• Fashion role models, footwear, clothing, and mistaken ideas about what is healthy perpetuate parallel or even internally rotated feet.

What are the benefits of feet out?

• Encourages kidney-bean shaped feet with strong arches and healthy function.
• Brings optimal alignment to the ankle, knee, and hip joints.
• Facilitates natural pelvic anteversion and a well-supported spine.
• Facilitates healthy deep bending (hip-hinging) as the pelvis can nestle between the thigh bones.

Feet pointing outward adds stability when maneuvering heavy loads, and, with a wider stance, aligns the legs and hips well for hip-hinging. This man is able to bend deeply to the ground.

If your feet are currently straight ahead, or somewhat internally rotated, and you want to move toward external rotation, we recommend you introduce small degrees of change very gradually to allow the tissues and bones of your feet, legs, and hips time to adjust. We strongly recommend you do this in combination with other postural principles taught in 8 Steps to a Pain-Free Back, and our Gokhale Method® in-person Foundations and Pop-up courses, and our online Elements course. 

If you would like guidance on any aspect of your posture, including how best to use your feet, consider scheduling an Initial Consultation, online or in person, with a Gokhale Method teacher.
I’ll also be giving a free online workshop on Thursday September 15, 4:00pm PT, Fix your feet with the Gokhale Method. You can sign up here. I look forward to seeing you there.

Many of the questions I hear from students are about concerns they have due to left/right asymmetry in their bodies. People will often see a clearly visible asymmetry as the root cause of any dysfunction and pain. This strikes me as a natural and understandable assumption—but my experience as a posture educator leads me to think there is more to consider here than meets the eye. 

Anna Wintour of Vogue magazine sporting a symmetrical bob haircut. Wikimedia

Searching for symmetry

Visual symmetry is highly prized by our species; we have adapted, over millennia, to find symmetry attractive. Research¹ shows, for example, that we look for symmetry in our mates, and that is because symmetry in the body correlates with a lack of genetic defects, high function, youth, and good health. Human attraction is multilayered of course, and our species seeks out many other qualities such as intelligence, kindness, and even a sense of humor, but symmetry is known to be given a high value. 

As a consequence of this adaptation, the human eye and brain are highly sensitized to picking up asymmetry. We use this ability in everyday tasks such as decorating cakes, or pruning in the garden—and in professions like art, hairstyling, and product design.

A formal garden imposes symmetry on Nature to great effect. Pixabay

When it comes to assessing the body, physical therapists and doctors often rely on being able to compare one side of the body with the other to determine what is healthy and normal for any individual patient. Asymmetry may be an early indication of injury, swelling, or even stroke—it can signal a condition that needs urgent medical attention. 

Some asymmetry is usual, and a part of how we function

Throughout our history and prehistory, our species has used our body asymmetrically. By examining a stone tool, we can tell if the knapper was right-handed or left-handed. Similarly, spear-throwers in indigenous societies use one arm or the other, not both. And many modern athletic endeavors are strongly asymmetric in nature. 

As the result of many hours of practice with a racket, bat, or club, many of today’s elite sportspeople become prodigiously one-sided. And yet it seems most don’t suffer any more from this asymmetry than the average person. Their preference for one side over the other will likely extend into a preferred rotational direction, weight-bearing arrangements, and an “anchor versus action” relationship between the left and right sides of the body. It seems we have the wherewithal to be asymmetric in both our structure and movements and still be highly functional. 

Serena Williams in action. Many human activities demand very different 
actions and specialization on each side of the body. Wikimedia

Asymmetry is not a diagnosis

In contemporary bodywork and ergonomic circles, we have gone too far with an insistence on symmetry. It's common for people to be told they have "muscle imbalances" and to believe this much touted diagnosis to be the root cause of their aches and pains. In fact, for most minor asymmetries, our bodies have very adequate compensations, structurally and positionally, and there is no urgent need to symmetrize. Clumsy or overly aggressive interventions to symmetrize an intricate system that has evolved over a lifetime can even do harm rather than good.

In particular, it is helpful to have an informed perspective about scoliosis, that is, lateral curvature of the spine. To be told you “have a scoliosis” can sound like a serious medical condition. Like many medical terms that sound like a diagnosis, it is essentially a description, using the ancient Greek skolios, or “bent.” We nearly all have some degree of lateral bend or rotation in our spines, most of which does not produce any symptoms as our bodies find organic adaptations and compensations.

This man’s torso shows muscle imbalances and a mild scoliosis. Imgur

When asymmetry is problematic

However, sometimes asymmetry is the problem. If your asymmetry is pronounced, or has an obvious correlation with symptoms, it may be at the root of your problem, or at least be a significant contributory factor. In this scenario it makes sense to work with a healthcare professional of your choice, such as a physical therapist, chiropractor or osteopath, orthopedic consultant, or other musculoskeletal specialist. For babies, children, and adolescents, who are still growing rapidly, interventions can, in general, be more conservative and highly effective. 

For older children and adults, treatments for musculoskeletal issues will be much more likely to hold and bring long-term improvement when they are accompanied by postural reeducation. Several of our teachers have experience of working with their own imbalances, and actually became Gokhale Method teachers when they discovered that changing their posture was the “missing piece” in resolving their symptoms—you can read teacher Cynthia Rose’s story here.

Techniques that help the body to symmetrize 

Lengthening shortened muscles is integral to most Gokhale Method techniques—using the rib anchor, growing the neck tall, stretchsitting, stretchlying on the back and on the side—all have a lengthening component that helps to ease out tight curves in the muscles and soft tissues. As the tightness releases to a more normal tone, “slack” underused parts of the body’s structure are called upon to engage and do their duty, restoring symmetry to both form and function. 

Students often notice a newfound symmetry when they learn tallstanding. They discover a much more stable and athletic stance. Restacking the bones in a way that respects their skeletal architecture improves the relationship with gravity and has a symmetrizing effect. Progressing to hip-hinging, students combine a well-arranged lower body (kidney-bean shaped feet and externally rotated legs), with a well-integrated upper body (shoulders rolled back, neck tall, and engaged inner corset), leaving their pelvis free to rotate and nestle deeply between the thigh bones. This transforms bending from a high-risk activity into a highly functional one that no longer leaves SI joints and lower backs at the mercy of asymmetrical stresses. Many are amazed to find touching their toes not only possible, but pleasurable!

Julia shows how a restricted and uncomfortable left hip and SIJ area used to prevent healthy turnout on that side.

Daily participation in the Gokhale 1-2-3 Move has brought significantly greater symmetry, and freedom from pain.

One student’s experience

Julia Guenther joined the Gokhale 1-2-3 Move program last year and has been so delighted with her symmetrizing experience that she would like to share it with Positive Stance readers. 

My asymmetry comes from the left SIJ (sacroiliac joint) and hip area. The left hip cannot turn out as much or as comfortably as the right hip. I noticed this when stretching, exercising, putting on shoes, etc. When I relaxed in a reclined position, my feet were not symmetrical from the vertical centerline. The left foot was more straight up and down and the right about 30 degrees from the centerline. My left side would get uncomfortable even in a reclined position.   

I started the daily Gokhale 1-2-3 Move class in October. In January I had to go to the dentist for a chipped tooth and noticed that my elevated feet in the dentist’s chair looked symmetrical when I looked at them, and I was not uncomfortable like I used to be in the dentist’s chair. I have been stretching, doing yoga, and massaging the area for years, and after three months of Gokhale daily classes and reminders I have achieved relaxed symmetry. Although I could live the rest of my life happily with this amount of improvement, I now believe my left side hip and SIJ will someday become as mobile as my right hip and SIJ.

As happened for Julia, when people improve their postural form, some self-regulation occurs, and their bodies undergo degrees of symmetrization. Whether asymmetries are minor or major, this process can start immediately when Gokhale Method principles are applied: for example, a shoulder roll can enable a hiked-up shoulder to relax and reposition itself, or kidney-bean shaping a flat foot will straighten and support an inwardly rotated knee. Over time, the soft tissues and bony structures remodel to these new arrangements, bringing a more permanent symmetry to the body.

Esther teaches a student to kidney-bean shape a foot.

Calming the perfect storm

For the most part, our culture is caught up in a perfect storm: on the one hand we have a hyperawareness of musculoskeletal pain, and on the other, a “hyper-ignorance” of posture. They unite in a vortex of back pain, around 85% of which is diagnosed as “nonspecific,” i.e., cause unknown. The Gokhale Method hypothesis is that our culture’s ignorance as to the postural cause of most back pain connects to many misdiagnoses that asymmetry is the cause of our back problems.

It seems likely to me that a degree of asymmetry which could cause issues for the average modern person with problematic posture is less likely to do so in someone who enjoys healthy posture. So for most people I would say, consider relaxing around your small asymmetries, and instead invest in improving your posture in general. Consider joining us on the Gokhale 1-2-3 Move program, or immersing yourself in the Gokhale Method Foundations Course or Gokhale Elements. Regaining your healthy baseline posture, which is your birthright, can allow your structure to heal and harmonize. Pain-Free. 

We would love to hear how these reflections on symmetry resonate for you…

¹Wade, T. Joel. “The Relationships between Symmetry and Attractiveness and Mating Relevant Decisions and Behavior: A Review,” Symmetry 2, no.2 (June 2010): 1081–1098. doi:10.3390/sym2021081