Pregnancy and Lower Back Pain
I'm reaching out to pregnant women today, because I've been reflecting on a clinical study that captures the scope of the problem of lower back (lumbar) pain in expectant mothers and because I have all too vivid memories of how lower back and sciatic pain affected me when I was nine-months pregnant with my first child. This crippling pain continued for a year, at which point I had back surgery that provided only temporary relief. This painful chapter in my life is what started me on my path to understanding the causes and treatments for back pain.
Lower back pain and pregnancy--it's a problem!
If you're pregnant and have lower back pain, you're not alone. A 2004 study (Low back pain during pregnancy: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes) published by Yale researchers in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology found that nearly 70% of the 645 pregnant women responding to a 36-question survey reported lower back pain during their current pregnancy. The researchers also found that:
- Pregnant women who have experienced lower back pain prior to their current pregnancy (e.g., during their periods, during a previous pregnancy, prior to ever becoming pregnant) are particularly susceptible to lower back pain
- Lower back pain disturbed the sleep of 58% of study respondents
- Lower back pain negatively impacted the daily lives of 57% of the women surveyed
- Two-thirds of women surveyed in this study did not share back-pain problems with their pre-natal caregivers and--if and when they did--only one-quarter of these caregivers recommended any kind of treatment
Because I know that lower back pain in pregnancy is a manageable and in most instances a preventable problem, it's of course best if women who plan to become pregnant prepare their bodies for the dramatic physical, musculoskeletal, and hormonal changes that lie ahead. This, as the study confirms, is especially important for women with a history of back pain. But because so many expectant mothers are--at this very minute!--experiencing lower back pain and, in many instances, not seeking or receiving help, this is the topic I'll focus on for now.
The lumbar spine is the region of the spine between the rib cage and the pelvis
Body stressors during pregnancy
I'll start by stating the obvious: During pregnancy a woman's body undergoes a number of changes, many that are inherently stressful. These of course include:
- Extra weight
- A shift in the center of gravity
- The impact of of the hormone relaxin on ligaments
If, as we consider the lumbar region of the body, we reference the very pregnant Mandy in the photo just below, we can begin to imagine why lower back pain can be a problem for some 70% of expectant mothers.
Mandy at 39 weeks + 4 days
By allowing the weight in her expanded belly to pull her lumbar spine into an exaggerated arch, Mandy is shifting her center of gravity forward, with the result that not only is there too much arch in her spine, there's too much weight on the front of her feet. To counter the arching of her spine and to lengthen and flatten the lumbar region, Mandy would need to use her internal oblique muscles to rotate her ribcage forward. This action, which is vital to proper alignment of the spine and good posture, is what I call "anchoring" the ribs. (Rib anchoring is discussed in greater detail and demonstrated in the video, below.)
What's healthy about Mandy's posture is that she is anteverting, or tilting forward, her pelvis. An anteverted pelvis helps prevent lower back pain because it allows for a natural stacking of the vertebrae, as well as a healthy alignment of the spine over the legs.
Extra weight
Where Does the Extra Weight Go During Pregnancy? (WebMD helpfully breaks this down.)
- Baby: 8 pounds
- Placenta: 2-3 pounds
- Amniotic fluid: 2-3 pounds
- Breast tissue: 2-3 pounds
- Blood supply: 4 pounds
- Larger uterus: 2-5 pounds
- Stored fat for delivery and breastfeeding: 5-9 pounds
Total: 25-35 pounds
Extra weight and foot structure. I've know for a long time that weight gain from pregnancy (in concert with the effects of the hormone relaxin) impact the feet and can increase a woman's shoe size by half a size or more, so it was interesting to review results of a study published in the March 2013 issue of the American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. The study, Pregnancy leads to lasting changes in foot structure, reports that for 60% to 70% of the 49 participants, their feet became longer and wider and, on average, the height and rigidity of their arches significantly decreased. Study authors also observed that the loss of arch height seems to be permanent, and that the first pregnancy may have the most significant impact on the feet.
Center of gravity
With pregnancy comes a shift in the center of gravity that can be compensated for with good movement patterns and by engaging the internal oblique muscles, which run along the side of the abdomen at about the level of the waist. These muscles can be used to flex the thorax forward and prevent the lower back from arching. (The thorax is the part of the body between between the neck and the abdomen.) By rotating the ribcage forward and, once again, lengthening and flattening the lower back to "anchor" the ribs, even women well advanced in their pregnancy can maintain a comfortable center of gravity. Shifting the weight back solidly on the heels is also a good thing, because it counters distortion in alignment, while also offering the advantage of not overspreading the feet, which can result in loss of structure.
Relaxin
Pregnant women need to take especially good care of their ligaments because the hormone relaxin, which is produced by the ovaries and the placenta and which helps prepare the expectant mother's pelvis for delivery, also works to remodel other soft tissues, cartilage, and ligaments in the body. As a result, pregnant women are at risk of losing structure--for example (and as described above), in the feet.
The seated woman has made room for her belly, but by leaning so far back she strains her neck and her back. Visual cueing for poor posture surrounds this woman--as it surrounds us all!
Lower back pain and pregnancy--some solutions!
Authors of the "Low back pain in pregnancy" study, cited above, also make the point that lower back pain can start at any point during pregnancy. This means that whether a woman is one-month pregnant or on the cusp of giving birth, she may be experiencing pain in her lower back pain--pain the Gokhale Method helps address. 
Healthy spinal curvature, as shown here, can be maintained throughout a pregnancy.
The good news is that by making adjustments women at every stage of pregnancy can prevent lower back pain from occurring, or--if pain is already an issue--take real steps to manage this pain.
Six tips
- Anchor your ribs
- Engage your inner corset
- Hinge your hips when you bend
- Stack your weight over your heels
- Engage your gluteus medias muscles when you walk
- Stretchlie on your side with supportive pillow
While the suggestions I outline in this post can begin to make a difference, much more can be gained from enrolling in the Gokhale Method Foundations Course, watching the DVD Back Pain: The Primal Posture Solution, and reading (and repeatedly referencing) 8 Steps to a Pain-Free Back. ('Where to learn more' details are provided at the bottom of this post.)
1. Anchor your ribs
With regard to the rib anchor, it's important to know that the ever-growing baby is potentially pulling the mother's back into an arch. An expectant mother who gives in to this pull will be increasingly swaying her back, which can cause lower back pain and other problems. Anchoring the ribs involves keeping the lower border of the rib cage flush with the abdomen. This lengthens the back and helps to frame and lengthen the lumbar spine. By engaging internal oblique muscles as the baby gets bigger, the expectant mother not only reduces the risk for lower back pain, she also gets very valuable abdominal muscle exercise during pregnancy. This not only negates the problem of lower back pain, it makes pregnancy an opportunity to strengthen abdominal muscles, rather than a liability to lose muscle tone.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLrBJzrMTxA
Keeping abdominal muscles nicely toned before during and after pregnancy perhaps even more ties in with engaging the inner corset, which is at the core of Tip Number 2.
2. Engage your inner corset
Anchoring the ribs and periodically engaging the inner corset--that is, contracting the deep muscles in the abdomen and back to lengthen and support the spine--is the ticket to well-toned abdominal muscles before, during, and after pregnancy. No matter how pregnant a woman is, these muscles can be entirely engaged, which is especially beneficial, given that the usual abdominal exercises--for example, lying on the back and doing crunches--are not recommended.
© Gokhale Method: Inner-corset muscles should not be engaged all the time, however. Instead, pregnant women (and everyone else!) will benefit from contracting deep back and abdominal muscles, off and on, over the course of the day.
3. Hinge your hips when you bend
Everybody needs to hip-hinge when they bend, but this is especially important for pregnant women. This is because lowering the body by bending with the knees and curving the back (as is so common in our culture) puts added stress on the spinal discs at a time when the discs are already being challenged by the additional weight of the pregnancy. Keep in mind that the front of each disc in the curve being formed when the back is bent is compressed, pushing the contents of the discs backward, toward the spinal nerves. All authorities agree that this is a risky direction to distort the spine. The features of hip-hinging especially important for pregnant women are to get the legs externally rotated and set apart in a wide stance, so that when they hinge forward, there's room for the belly to settle between the legs. In other words, the legs have to be out of the way, so that the belly can settle between them. If the the knees are not externally rotated, but facing in, then the thighbones will interfere with the torso settling.
Janine Farzin, soon-to-be Gokhale-Method teacher-in-training, hiphinges in Chicago
Because so much bending is involved in motherhood, a very good time to master hiphinging is before and during pregnancy. Doing so will prepare the expectant mother for all the bending that is to come.
4. Stack your weight over your heels
Positioning the pelvis so that it's slightly tipped forward (anteverted) allows for a natural stacking of vertebrae without muscle strain. Vertebral stacking is important for everyone, but a for a pregnant woman carrying extra weight and with an altered center of gravity, it's really essential. Not only does healthy stacking yield good posture that leaves spinal discs decompressed, it also protects ligamental integrity. Ligaments already loosened by the hormone relaxin are less likely to be taxed when bones are correctly stacked. This will also help protect the feet, which--as noted above--are at risk of losing structure.
5. Engage your gluteus medias muscles when you walk
Engaging the gluteus medius, the muscle located in the upper, outer quadrant of the buttocks, helps prevent lower back pain[/caption] Our "glutes," or buttocks, are made up of three major muscles: the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. Located in the upper, outer quadrant of the buttocks, the gluteus medius is the "middle" muscle, the one that moves the leg to the side and rotates the thigh. Gluteus medius weakness--a study. Because engagement of the gluteus medius plays such an essential role in a healthy kind of walking I have dubbed 'glidewalking,' and because this muscle also plays an essential role in healthy, pain-free posture, I was very interested to learn that researchers at the University of Iowa Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation conducted a study that found a strong correlation between lower back pain in pregnant women and weakness of the gluteus medius. Specifically their 2009 pilot study, Association between gluteus medias weakness and low back pain during pregnancy, found that "pregnant women with gluteus medius weakness were roughly 6 to 8 times more likely to have low back pain than those without weakness." The findings confirm what I have long known from my own research and practice--that strengthening and regularly engaging the gluteus medius is really key.
6. Stretchlie on your side with supportive pillow
Stretchlying on the side--that is, lying with a lengthened back, anteverted pelvis, and knees slightly bent--represents an opportunity to restore healthy architecture during sleep and reinforce the neural pathways that will help create muscle memory for a healthy J-shaped spine (as opposed to a curved C-shaped spine or an over-arched S-shaped spine). Not only does stretchling on the side decompress discs and improve circulation when the expectant mother is at rest or asleep, it also helps create muscle memory for an anterverted pelvis and lengthened spine when she's up and about. For women unaccustomed to what good posture feels like, healthy muscle memory can be hugely helpful. Because the extra weight in the belly tends to pull the expectant mother's spine out of alignment, tucking a soft pillow in under the belly will help her resist the pull of gravity and maintain a neutral position. During pregnancy, anything that spares pull on the skin, muscles, flesh, ligaments, and spine, is a very good thing.
When pregnant and stretchlying on the side, it's important to tuck a soft pillow in under the belly
Model this!
Pregnant women experiencing lower back pain might help themselves by taking posture cues from these illustrations:
This very pregnant figure models very nearly perfect posture[/caption] The image above captures very nice pregnant posture. The woman's back is not significantly arched, her spine is more or less J-shaped, and her shoulders are rolled back.
This French anatomical drawing from 1925 depicts a healthy neutral spine
The illustration just above provides another excellent model for how a pregnant woman can stand without arching her back. Plucked from a 1925 French anatomy book, this image lets me know that the French at that time had right idea about healthy curvature of the spine!
Where to learn more?
The six-session Gokhale Method Foundations Course helps people, including pregnant women, improve their structure and function as they engage in everyday activities. While my book, 8 Steps to a Pain-Free Back, is most helpful when it's read in its entirety, the following pages expand on the tips outlined in this post:
- Rib Anchor: 39, 84, 140, 198
- Inner Corset: 110,-127, 144, 153, 162-163, 190
- Hiphinging: 150-167
- Stack your weight over your heels:46-47, 138, 142
- Engage gluteus medius muscles when you walk: 168-194
- Stretchlie on your side with supportive pillow: 94-109
The DVD Back Pain: The Primal Posture Solution also features relevant training, including segments on:
- Stretchsitting: Use the back of your chair to decompress your spinal discs and transform sitting into a healthy, therapeutic activity
- Inner Corset: Learn to engage your deep back and abdominal muscles to protect your spine
- Hip-hinging: Protect your spine and knees by learning to bend at the hips
- Stacksitting: Learn how to sit anywhere without slouching, pain or tension
- Tallstanding: Stack your bones well and prevent wear and tear
- Stretchlying: Decompress your spinal discs and nerves while you sleep
- Glidewalking: Learn to walk in a controlled series of forward propulsions that spares the joints
Photo and Video Credits:
The Happy Mother: Johann Anton de Peters, Wikimedia Commons Lumbar Region of the Human Skeleton: Wikimedia Commons Female Back Nude: oil on canvas: Jozsef Rippi-Ronai, Public Domain Mandy at 39 weeks + 4 days: Danielle deLeon, Wikimedia Commons Janine hip hinging: Courtesy of Janine Farzan, Chicago Equadorian figure of a pregnant woman: Walkers Art Museum, Wikimedia Commons Pregnant woman seated on bench: Peter va der Sluijs, Wikimedia Commons Healthy Spinal Curvature Throughout Pregnancy: Public Domain Gokhale Moment, Rib Anchor: © Gokhale Method Gluteus Medius: Creative Commons Model Maria Pesotskaya resting on her side: Anna Kosali, www.annakosali.com, Wikimedia Commons Pregnant Woman Facing Right: Public Domain French Anatomical Drawing, 1925: Public Domain